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With a surface area of ​​114 square kilometers, is the largest volcanic lake in Europe and the first ever in Lazio. It has a perimeter of 43 km and maximum depth of 151 m, located at the center of the basin. The river Marta is the only outlet that begins its course to the south of the lake near the homonymous town, culminating in the Tyrrhenian Sea near Tarquinia. Near the south coast there are the islands and Martana Bisentina, residues of old volcanic cones. The surface temperature of the lake water varies from warmer weather colder than 25 ° C to 8 ° C, while below 130 m is approximately constant at around 7 ° C. Situated 304 m above sea level, has a catchment with an area of ​​273 square kilometers, of which just under half are occupied by the lake itself. The supply of water is given by several sources, with several streams and rivers. The rainfall in the area of ​​the lake is not very high reaching 980 mm a year, with a minimum in July and a maximum in November. The effluent flow rate is modest and therefore the replacement is slow, it was estimated that the effluent excise 2.42 m³ / sec .. The theoretical water turnover time was estimated at 120 years, in fact, the residence time of water in the lake is prolonged because of the difficulty with which the deep waters to reach the effluent, during the summer as a result of thermal stratification of the water. Recently it was found that, because of significant withdrawals from the lake is from groundwater, the effluent flow rate was halved and then doubled the time to spare. It is also known as "the lake with a drink" thanks to the excellent conditions of transparency and clarity of its waters to the point where fishermen used to cook the "Sbroscia" feature local fish soup. Scientific research has established the optimal conditions of its waters, thanks to a policy of repression on the most common sources of pollution.

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